Personal Statement Inspiration And Motivation - 1459 Words

Asher Kim 9/18/2015 Period 3 Inspiration/Motivation Inspiring itself is the act of making others feel strongly interested and enthusiastic, and then convincing to do things, such as achieving a personal goal or joining a team and working for a team. Inspiration is one of the key points of leadership. Leaders take charge and support themselves and motivate others to do the right thing for the common goal by presenting a clear goal, providing precise instructions and resources, creating a good team relationship and work environment, raising a group’s positivity and energy, setting examples for others, and etc. This inspirational process happens from the beginning and the all the way through until the group’s goal is achieved. There are†¦show more content†¦This approach has a trust and respect bonding between the leader and all of the teammates. Many leaders are out of touch and disconnected from their team member, focusing solely on their own personal agendas, but people want to know that their leaders understand their tendencies, aptitudes and behaviors well-enough to best work with and motivate them. Team members are most inspired when a leader takes the time to know them and show that they have their best interests at heart. Driving inspiration is about focusing on achieving goals. What a driving leader might do is to set goals by giving out a challenge to the group and setting a specific deadline by which to achieve it. But leaders should not just explain what to do and why team members need to perform better. Instead, they should focus on explaining how team members’ collected efforts important to solve problems and to achieve their common goal. Leaders should inspire performance by connecting the dots of team members’ efforts. Leaders could also inspire team members’ trust and a desire to go above and beyond the call of duty by sharing their authority. If leaders allow team members to direct/take charge of a project based on what team members believe is in the best interest of the team and the organization, members’ desire to perform will be inspired. At the same time, if a driving leader can activate the natural talents of teamShow MoreRelatedPersonal Vision Statement : M y Vision751 Words   |  4 PagesVision Statement Introduction I am writing this statement as a declaration of my personal vision. It will serve as a guide to help ensure that my actions are corresponding to what I envision. This personal vision statement is designed to help facilitate my purpose, unforeseen obstacles, and how to manage theses obstacles. A great deal of thought has gone into constructing this vision statement and I hope that within time these endeavors fill me with a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. MyRead MoreThe Importance Of Motivation For The Business World Employee Engagement1727 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation requires a driving force to complete goals and dreams, a wish is only a weak desire that one wishes something would magically happen such as winning the lottery. Only a strong passion can push one forward and drive their motivation to achieve the desire. Three important aspects of motivation are goals, inspiration and in the business world employee engagement. All of these aspects promote motivation whether it be a business or personal goal or a friend or coworker to inspire you or aideRead MoreEssay On Health Care Development1509 Words   |  7 Pagesacute hospitalization. I believe that this development design framework will be a successful planning template for creating medical step down unit. The first section of this paper discusses the description of the proposed unit including a mission statement, prioritized values, and an organizational chart depicting how all employees from the unit are connected. This is followed by a description of my preferred leadership style and managerial role, empowerment strategies, conflict resolution, and importantRead MoreManagement Position Of A Nonprofit Organization1159 Words   |  5 Pagesgoals in accordance with the mission statement. Drucker states, â€Å"a mission statement has to be operational, otherwise it’s just good intentions† (Drucker, Chapter 1). The primary focus of the mission statement is to carry out what the organization really wants to do. My task is to try and convert this mission statement into specifics so that the company stays in line with its mission statement for desired results. Drucker believes that every mission statement must include three things: opportunitiesRead MoreGoal Setting Theory: Motivation, Stress, and Communication1278 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation, Stress, and Communication Motivation, Stress, and Communication Introduction Goal-setting has progressively become a prominent tool of performance utilized by individuals and business organizations. Companies attain their success by setting long and short-term targets which provide them with direction in productive channels economically. Some of the common attributed elements in goal setting include: sales, services, products, and customer relations in general. The setting of goalsRead MoreLeadership Action Plan For Developing And Marinating A Wide Social Network1272 Words   |  6 Pagesfriendship. Because I learned from that Leaders rely on their social networks to get things done as it facilitates to get information, advice, support, feedback and reciprocal favors. I will be working to build my operational, personal and strategic networks. By mixing my personal and professional relationship, I will be able to get over the difficulty that I have had in investing in a professional networking. Although, I still have some points that I disagree with Roizen especially in her advice toRead MoreNelson Mandel A True Inspiration For All Of Humanity1748 Words   |  7 PagesNelson Mandela: From Vision to Transformation A true inspiration for all of humanity, Nelson Mandela broke down barriers of social injustice, committing his life to the vision of a free and democratic society. His dedication and inspiration to those considered underprivileged or subjugated within their own governmental or political constraints serve as testaments to the power of leading with compassion and humility. Through his leadership and years of self-sacrifice, Nelson Mandela became SouthRead MorePerformance Management And Its Effectiveness1568 Words   |  7 Pagesalready are (Armstrong, 2014). The organisations must circulate inspiration between employer and employee to garner more success in business matters and as a personal development process. An organisation must maintain a healthy and active level of staff inspiration during the interview and requires a continuous emotional, physical and mindful investment in themselves and others to ensure that it reaches a charitable capability. Motivation and contribution by staff to employees shouldn’t be left to rotRead MoreThe Star Of An Inconvenient Truth897 Words   |  4 Pagesin resolving this worldwide issue will result from selfless, human action. Gore’s use of ethos through real-life recordings and graphic simulations support Gore’s claim that his motivation stems from obvious, moral reasons; however, his inclusion of his past failures and mentioning of his recent success through personal flashbacks and first-person narration generates pathos, suggesting that Gore, while inspiring the audience to grow less selfish, ironically seeks validation and self-redemption forRead MoreThe Cherry Orchard By Anton Chekov1304 Words   |  6 Pagesindirectly oppressed him through the development of a motive and acting on his personal desires with no regard for the people around him. Without an initial conversation regarding development, there exists no possibility for change. David Ball, the author of Backwards and Forwards: A Technical Manual for Reading Plays mentions, â€Å"Talking is drama’s most common activity.† (Ball 27) then proceeds to question the statement to continue his point by asking, â€Å"What is it about talking that connects it to

The Space Race Essay - 1912 Words

The Space Race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in space. From 1955 until 1975, both sides battled it out to be the leader in the competition. Fueled by the Cold War and other causes of the beginning of the race, the Soviet Union and the United States fought for authority in a very public manner through the media. There were many achievements at this time and it led the way for many great things to come afterwards. The origins of the Space Race can be found in Germany in the 1930s. During World War II, Nazi Germany was researching and building operational ballistic missiles and experimenting with liquid-fueled rockets. As early as 1942 and 1943, the rocket Aggregate-4 became the first vehicle†¦show more content†¦Here, Korolev reverse engineered the A-4 and built his own version, the R-1 in 1948. While this was going on in the Soviet Union, the United States sent von Braun and his team to the United States Army’s White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico in 1945. Here, they assembled captured V-2s and launched them. In 1950, they were moved to the Army’s Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama where the Army’s first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone Rocket, was developed. Because of the threat of the nuclear weapons and communism, the Cold War developed after World War II between the Soviet Union and the United States. This led to the expresse d conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to the states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, a nuclear arms race, and economical and technological competitions, such as the Space Race. In 1955 both the Soviet Union and the United States were building ballistic missiles that could be used to launch objects into space. This became the starting line for the race into space. Four days apart in unrelated announcements, both the Soviets and the Americans announced their plans to launch artificial Earth satellite by 1957 or 1958. On 29 July 1955, James C. Hagerty, President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s press secretary,Show MoreRelatedThe Space Race746 Words   |  3 PagesThe space race was an important time in history, for the U.S, USSR, and the rest of the world. Soon after World War II, the Soviet Union and United States began a global battle, communism against democracy. Space became a huge entity in the war. Each side spend billions on besting each others achievements in what later became known as the famous Space Race. The Cold War was the United States capitalists, versus the Soviet communists. It wasnt an actual war, but more of a grudge, because thereRead MoreEssay On The Space Race755 Words   |  4 Pagesexplore on Earth, Space is infinite. The Space Race was a historical competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for the first humans to reach the moon. Taking place during 1957-1975, the Space Race showcased the determination between the two nations to display who had the superior science and technology knowledge. After the Russians created the first satellite, the United States felt threatened that the Soviet Union would have military control over space and began to race against theirRead MoreEssay On The Space Race707 Words   |  3 PagesThe Space Race Imagine you’re running in a race, all you have to do to win is run fast and go past the finish line first. Now, imagine you’re in another race, but to win you must walk on the moon! The United States and the Soviets had that kind of race during the Cold War, called the Space Race. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a Cold War is â€Å"a state of political hostility between countries characterized by threats, propaganda, and other measures short of open warfare, in particularRead MoreThe Race to Space Essay960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Race to Space The tension that existed between the U.S. and Russia during the years after WWII was not only a time that both countries patiently tried to keep the world from another war, but was also a time of great rivalry in the exploration of space. As both counties diligently experimented with plans for creating a way to get into the vastness of space, spies on both sides were already in place to steal those ideas. And so the space race begun. Both countries wanted to be the firstRead More Space Race Essay1979 Words   |  8 Pagesancient civilizations to the modern day world, our obsession of going into space has grown from studying the stars to actual exploration of space. We have come a long way since primitive charts of constellations. From telescopes to satellites, we as a population have progressed greatly in the world of technology. In a mere forty years, we have had more technological advances than the Industrial Revolution. The Space Race has affected our everyday lives; we use the same technology that the astronautsRead MorePros And Cons Of The Space Race1669 Words   |  7 Pages o | Course Title | Date Contents: o Introduction to the Space race P, 2 o what is the space race and who was involved? P, 3 o Nasa p. 4 o when did it occur p. 5 o COLD WAR p. 6 o pro’s and con’s p.Read MoreEconomic Impact Of The Space Race1486 Words   |  6 PagesEconomic Impacts of the Space Race By: Kimia The space race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred during the Cold War. They competed for dominance in space technology and spaceflight, which spurred many significant inventions and events. Some of these inventions and events include the first-ever landing on the moon, the first artificial satellite to be launched into the Earth’s orbit, the establishment of NASA, the invention of the microprocessorRead MoreTaking a Look at the Space Race622 Words   |  2 Pages The Space Race was a 20th century competition between the former Soviet Union and United States for dominion in spaceflight capability and is still an event that generates controversy. Historians and contemporary analysts who claim the United States won the space race frequently cite â€Å"the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon† as the sole reason why the nation won. However, while this event was indeed a triumph, it was stimulated by a series of consecutive feats by the former Soviet Union. The U.S.SRead MoreUp, Up and Away with the Space Race1225 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1965, NASA’s annual budget was $5.2 billion; this money was spent to heat up the Space Race (â€Å"Project Apollo†). The Space Race and its competitive nature is best illustrated in this passage from John F. Kennedy’s Address at Rice University on the nations space effort, â€Å"We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challengeRead MoreEducation Reform and its Impact on Space Race 1513 Words   |  6 Pageshalf of the twentieth century, space travel and the technology which powered it advanced far beyond what any prior civilization could imagine. Inspiring in humanity hope for a future not on Earth. An analysis of the effects of the NASA space program on the United States reveals a radical shift in educational policies, an influx of new an innovative technologies, and a renewed motivation and hope for the future. Perhaps the most significant impact of the space race came through education reform

Professional Environment Evaluative Business Explanation

Question: Describe about the Professional Environment for Evaluative Business Explanation. Answer: Introduction: Reflective writing helps to express individuals personal experiences. Reflective writing nurtures the information, ones response towards a situation or events even any learning sessions. Here reflection has been given on two different topics such as first on a lecture named Some Issues for Ethics, Professionalism and Technology-an IT Perspective by Karl Reed and another on Team Building Activities. This report has covered four dimensions to form an appropriate reflective extraction. Description of the learning sessions along with the importance of the outcome and future purpose of this has been incorporated here to make the reflective writing justified. Reflection Topic 1: Associate professor Karl Reed has discussed some conflict and contradictory issues that often occur in IT industry making difference between the professionalism and ethical concerns. Dilemma between moral concern and practical activities can be further understood with the help of following attributes of reflective expression. What happened: The lecture has included names like Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden with few others, who have gone against the US laws by disclosing confidential documents. The documents revealed few shocking incidents that were array with the ethical concern of the public. It is ethical for the US context to allow the government to monitor personal information if needed. However, providing information to any interested person is offensive under Australian policy. Hence, as per my understanding, fact of the matter is both professionalism and ethical issues differ in different background. One must understand whether it is right or illegal reviewing the intensity of the situation (Banks 2012). Importance of the lecture outcome: This lecture is important to me as it has mentioned the necessity of the code of ethics to accomplish the day to day activities for IT professionals. Ethical codes can restrain the professionals from doing any illegal or immoral activities (Harris Jr et al. 2013). Moreover, professional ethics can also influence the practitioners to make the effort in favor of society. I have also learned that I must put the society ahead of my personal interests or interests of my colleagues. One important factor of following ethical codes is, it comprises the principles and values that effects the decisions, taken during the emerging practices (Parrott 2014). Evaluation of the learning: There are several incidents like security breaching of the clients in Vodafone, EFTPOS (banking system) crashes, disclosure of police data etc. These incidents are result of lack of professionalism and tampering of the code of ethics by the IT professionals. Therefore, this lecture is valuable for me to assess the priority and validity of the daily activities. Furthermore, importance of honesty due diligence and transparency in terms of following the ethical issues and maintain the professionalism (Durkheim 2013). Significance of the learning in future: The learning outcome will definitely help me in future by shaping my decisions. It will allow me to think logically and make the most appropriate decision, with less ethical conflict and doubtful professionalism. Reflection Topic 2: This part of the topic assesses the importance of the team building activities for an organizational set up. The main objective of the team building activity is to promote the interpersonal communication among group members, cooperative working, proper planning and execution. Dyer and Dyer (2013), mentioned that success of a firm is critically dependent on the team production. Focus on the external issues diverted if the company has to pay lot of time to resolve internal issues like conflict among the team members (Belbin 2012). To understand the impact of the team building activity, Tower Building Activity has been chosen as the topic of the lecture. What happened: Tower building activity is one of the recognized action that is usually used in different sector to enhance the potential outcome of teamwork. It aims to reduce the squabble among the teammates, incapability of decision making of the team leader and following of the decision by other members (Drew and Coulson?Thomas 2013). Lecturer asked to make towers with the straws; task was assigned for different 3 groups having 5 members. Materials were provided during the lecture. After 30 minutes, each team was supposed to present their tower in front of the class. Each team were given the choice to select a team leader for their own team. Importance of the lecture outcome: This learning session was important to know both the advantage of disadvantage of each. Opinion of each team member was considered during the selection of team leader; it reflects the evaluation of the choice of everyone in a team. Moreover, everyone was asked to share their idea on the procedures of tower building; it means contribution of everyone is important to obtain the maximum and positive yield from a team (Cummings and Worley, 2014). During this session, strong communication among each other was required, that helped in formation of the supportive approach toward each other. This lecture helped me to learn the fact that, weakness of one team member must be suppressed by the strength of other members. Evaluation of the learning: This learning session has helped in alignment of the goals. It has also influenced me to evaluate the importance of obtaining an effective relationship with each other in a workplace. Moreover, another important point, I have learned from this lecture is that, during any crisis team members are required to find solution for that crisis unitedly. Everyone must work cooperatively and in a supportive manner. Significance of the learning in future: Tower Building Activity has influenced me to understand the appropriate behavioral approach while working in a team. It will definitely help me to make intercommunicative and supportive relation with my team members during any operational requirement. Furthermore, learning outcome will help me to give importance to the decision of other coworkers if I am supposed to take the final decision as leader. This lecture will act as pathfinder for me in future while there are requirements of teamwork. Conclusion: In this reflective writing, the main focus has been given on Some Issues for Ethics, Professionalism and Technology-an IT Perspective by Karl Reed and Team Building Activities. To assess the importance of the lecture outcomes discussion have been incorporated in various points. Future prospects have also been discussed. Hence, it can be said this reflective writing has covered all the requirement to establish the evaluative explanation of the topic. Reference list: Banks, S., 2012.Ethical issues in youth work. Routledge. Belbin, R.M., 2012.Management teams. Routledge. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Drew, S. and Coulson?Thomas, C., 2013. Transformation through teamwork: the path to the new organization?.Team Performance Management: An International Journal. Durkheim, E., 2013.Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Dyer, W.G. and Dyer, J.H., 2013.Team building: Proven strategies for improving team performance. John Wiley Sons. Harris Jr, C.E., Pritchard, M.S., Rabins, M.J., James, R. and Englehardt, E., 2013.Engineering ethics: Concepts and cases. Cengage Learning. Parrott, L., 2014.Values and ethics in social work practice. Learning Matters.

Inky Essays - Inky, Whale, Sperm Whale, , Term Papers

Inky Inky Response Paper The economy is slowing, third world nations have political unrest, and Susie is distraught because she cannot decide what to wear to school tomorrow. These seem to be the problems that society is extremely concerned with today. The thing that is so shocking is the fact that humans are so caught up with material possessions and their egocentric problems that they are blinded from the big picture. If we dont preserve the physical world that we live in, there will be nothing to enjoy the fruits of our labor on. I had the opportunity to watch a very inspiring video this past week, and I see things a lot differently now. The story of Inky, the pigmy sperm whale is a very moving tale. The whale beached itself for some unknown reason off the coast of New Jersey. Immediately, everyone around came to the attempted rescue of the suffering creature. The whale was airlifted to the Baltimore Aquarium, where marine biologists began to try to decipher the problem with the ailing whale that they came to call Inky. Inky continued to weaken and not eat, and no one could understand the problem. After many tests, a startling discovery was made that traumatized everyone. It seems that the problem with Inky was that she had eaten a large amount of plastic that had been drifting in the ocean from careless polluters. The biologists were able to remove the plastic contents of the whales stomach and begin rehabilitation. Slowly, the animal began to gain its appetite back, and began to Sponaugle 2 gain some energy. Soon, Inky was back to her normal self, and the biologists took her back to her normal environment and released her. One of the most impressive aspects of the video was how amazing it was that everyone had come together and cared so much about the whale that they did everything possible to save the creature, no matter what the cost. They had passion. The sad thing is that a majority of the human population doesnt even have enough pride in the beautiful earth to not mess it up. Constantly, and more often than not, trash and pollution are being washed up on our beautiful shores. If everyone wants to be selfish, they should at least preserve the oceans so that they can enjoy them visually, but they couldnt care less even about that aspect of it. People dont even begin to think of the consequences that may arise from throwing a simple bottle cap overboard. Any number of small sea animals may attempt to consume the item, and have serious health complications including death. Not only would the fish most likely die from eating it, but also their predators would end up consuming it as well when they ate t he original fish that consumed the item. Any way you look at it, any form of pollution is tragic and just plain selfish. The first step in correcting the problem is awareness. I admit that I wasnt completely aware that the problem was so intense until recently. I believe that if everyone could see the consequences for their actions, they might think twice about the next time they go to dispose of unwanted goods. The world is getting smaller, and we all need to learn to respect one another, man and animal alike. Science Essays

Name BTM free essay sample

Make sure you save your files in accessible action. BATHMAT-8 Advanced Scholarly Writing Week 1 Assignment: Referencing Peer Reviewed Studies Faculty use Only ;:Date Graded> Referencing Peer Reviewed Studies BATHMAT-8,week 1 Name Professor January 04, 2015 The mission of Northwestern University is to educate professionals throughout the world and enable them for success. At the beginning of every course, the student must check their email, review the course syllabus, grading rubric, course content, and policies.The course syllabus will lay the foundation for he course guidelines and provide a timeline for assignments. The main reason chose a DAB is that a PhD is to advance knowledge, whereas the primary goal of a DAB is to advance professional practice. Began my course by reviewing the syllabus, rubric, and course content. The UNCLE Rubric can also be found on the Academic Success Center. The NICE Rubric states that content consists of 70% and writing (including PAP formatting) is 30% of your overall grade. We will write a custom essay sample on Name BTM or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I reviewed the course content and determined how I would have to manage my time, each week.Weeks 1-7 will require a 5-7 page paper ND week 8 will be 12-15 page paper. The Northwestern Academic Success Center is the one-stop area for all academic services. The center offers coaching in scholarly writing, time management courses, library resources, tutorials, and guidance on turning reporting. The Northwestern Library is a centralized and unprecedented global resource that provides high-quality informational resources. The Road Runner search allows you to search conveniently for full text, scholarly, and peer-reviewed articles.The Northwestern Academic Integrity Policy site is a resource for students o be aware of the appropriate guidelines to follow. If a violation of academic integrity, has been discovered, then the students instructor will complete the Notice of Possible Academic Integrity Violation. After the review has been completed, the Dean will notify the student and the instructor of the outcome (Importance of Reading and Understanding This Policy, 2012). In the Library and under popular databases, I explored the different sources for research and articles. In three of the databases, I searched for Organizational Leadership.

The Improvements of Health Through Technology Professor Ramos Blog

The Improvements of Health Through Technology https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1dN_u2aHoZKcujZBEF-DZclH_qnuztW9f-X2oFuCwCyk/edit#slide=id.p

Maternal mortality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Maternal mortality - Essay Example The excessive loss of blood causes the deficiency of both oxygen and nutrients to such vital organs of the body as the brain thus causing instantaneous deaths. Causes of the excessive bleeding include tearing of the uterus walls, poor contraction of the uterus and poor blood clotting. Postpartum infections on the other cause more than 10% of the reported maternal mortalities. Postpartum infections refer to any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract after childbirth. Among the notorious risk factors of the infections are the cesarean section, prolonged labor, the presence of such bacteria as group B streptococcus in the reproductive organ and premature rupture of the membranes of the uterus among others. Complications arising from unsafe abortions cause more than 15% of the reported cases of maternal mortality. The complications are always as diverse as the techniques that people use to procure abortions. In most countries, abortion is an illegal practice a feature that compels pregnant women to seek the services of quacks especially in such developing countries as India. Most women die from excessive bleeding and infections among other complications arising from unsafe nature of the procedures. The prevalence of maternal mortalities in India represents the gap between the rich and the poor since most of the reported cases occur in the impoverished neighborhoods and are minimal among the rich. Furthermore, they portray the inequalities that exist in accessing high-quality health care services.

Leadership Styles and Traits Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Styles and Traits - Term Paper Example This term paper discusses the various leadership qualities and styles of leaders that not only enhance the organizational performance but also create a motivated workforce. The four major styles of leadership were discussed in the term paper: situational leadership; transformational leadership; participative leadership; and charismatic leadership. The researcher states that these leadership styles not only judiciously exploit the competencies of the followers but also ensure that they are equipped with necessary knowledge to meet the challenges of time. Kouzes and Posner have asserted that four major traits of leaders vis-Ã  -vis honesty; forward looking; inspiring; and competency are critical paradigms of leaders that cut across gender, race, culture and nationality. These qualities hugely help the leaders to gain the trust of the followers who willingly follow them. The researcher concludes that effective leadership is highly stimulating and encourages an ongoing learning process within and outside the precincts of organization goals and objectives. Good leaders use self example to promote trust and mutual respect which has become a crucial issue today. The leaders promote cross cultural understanding and are able to exploit their competencies for the welfare of the organization. The leadership that learns through experience becomes the enabling factor of organization and provides it with competitive advantage. Hence, leadership initiatives have become extremely relevant part of organizational success.

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preparing to Conduct Business Research - Essay Example Identity theft as Sennewald & Christman (2008) assert, occurs when an individual uses another individual’s information or personal details as his/her own in order to engage in fraudulent activities or other crimes. The growth of identity theft affects the retail world immensely. The issue of retail identity theft can be solved through an exploratory research. The application of both qualitative and quantitative research designs would ascertain a highly credible, precise, and accurate research. The designs will explore the topic from different points of reference through the application of different methods. The application of a single research design, whether the qualitative research design or the quantitative design would lead to inefficiency in the determination of the seriousness of the issue, and the probable solution. On the one hand, using the quantitative research design will lead to a high degree accuracy in the quantification of retail identity theft. The research method will make it possible to collect measurable data, which through numerical comparisons, will be analysed and presented through easy to interpret methods. In addition, the application of the quantitative method will be of great importance in reporting the collected data since it appl ies standard statistical analyses, which are comprehensible and understandable (McLeod, 2008). On the other hand, the incorporation of the qualitative method during the conduction of the research will enhance the effectiveness of the study through the improvement of the accuracy of the results. The qualitative research design will focus on the identification of the motives, the driving forces, and the triggers of the behaviour. In addition, the design will enhance the credibility of the research through the incorporation of a participant observation techniques, interviews with victims of identity theft, and reformed identity thieves among other methods. Through these methods, the research will possibly

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor Abstract Recently there are significant amount of research work undergoing about tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. Therefore, there are so may research paper published around the world. It may use embryonic stem cell, mesenchymal stem cell, tissue graft or other animal spaces tissues or cell for development of human and animal medicine treatment. In that case there should be some ethics and laws to control the usage of the tissue or cell in the medical treatment. Some government organizations and private sector by independently or by joining do some research work about the tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. The cardiovascular system is the major disease problem in the human and animal medicine treatment. In recent decade there are cell and tissue engineering and the bioreactor designing involving treating the cardiovascular disease condition. Researchers may try to develop heart valve, wall and blood vessel etc. Hole in the heart is complex congenital heart diseases, in n ew born babies and leading causes of mortality. The treatment of this kind of the cardiovascular disease only performed surgery correction, the very painful after the surgery at tolerate by baby. When correcting the hole, that must have closed properly otherwise it lead to another problem to the young one, but measurement of the diameter of the hole is very difficult and correction also very difficult. In the recent decade there is stem cell therapy and the tissue engineering has rapidly developed. By using stem cell and tissue culture there are so many researches and development of the treatment about cardiovascular system. Myocardial tissue engineering developed the heart tissue by using the stem cells in three-dimensional matrices of biodegradable polymers scaffold is the innovation of the myocardial constructs and cardiovascular treatment. Introduction The heart is the most important organs in the human body. It transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and waste products excreted by those cells. A Holes in the Heart is an opening in the septum between atria or ventricles of heart, this is congenital condition. 8-10/1000 live born babies has congenital defects in the heart. This condition occurred during the babys heart does not develop inside the womb; no specific cause for this condition, but some increase risk of being born. If mother had German measles or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, or if she has diabetes, or if someone else in her family was born with a heart complaint. A hole in the heart may be noticed in the first few months of life or even before the baby is born, sometimes a hole is not found until a person is much older. This often happens when the hole is between the upper chambers of heart. It may notice person a re feeling a bit short of breath and dont know why. But sometimes there are no complaints at all. Because of the hole, the flow of blood through the heart is abnormal. This makes noises in the heart, so a doctor can find the hole by listening to the heart with a stethoscope. If the doctor hears a murmur, this tells the doctor there could be a hole. If the doctor thinks there is a hole, person will have an echocardiogram ultrasound test of heart. Sometimes the hole isnt found until a person is much older when they notice they are feeling tired and breathless and cant find a reason for it. Some holes are so small that they cause no problem and are left alone. Some holes in small babies may close by themselves: if the cardiologist thinks this is likely, he will not close it immediately, but wait for some time to see if it has closed by itself, by repeating an echo. Other holes must be closed, either because they are already a problem, or because they will cause a problem in the future .   There are three different types: Atrial Septal Defect (ASD): this is a hole in the wall between the atria (interatrial septum). This causes more blood to flow to the lungs and may not have any symptoms; the excess flow can damage the lungs. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD): this is a hole in the interventricular septum or wall between two lower chambers (RV and LV). If its large, can change the mechanics in heart. This makes the heart work harder than it should and can enlarge it. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it. Atrioventricular Septal Defect: this is a large hole in the middle of heart between the atria and ventricles. Some people with this condition only have one valve between the atria and ventricles instead of two. This defect can also damage the lungs by allowing too much blood to flow to the lungs. Although this condition is uncommon, t can be found in babies born with Downs syndrome. VSDs are the commonest lesion about 25-30% of all congenital heart defects whereas ASD are about 5-8% of them. Another point to remember is that all of us are born with small ASD. However, VSD is never found in normal heart. The only treatment available  was surgical closure. Though the ultimate outcome was good, these children had to inevitably suffer the pain, scar and long hospital stay. There are two ways to do this. The first way is via an operation called catheterisation. This is when a cardiologist puts a tube into leg that goes up towards heart.   Then put a device through that tube so that it fits into the hole. When its in the right place, the device opens like a little umbrella, and blocks the hole. The device stays inside forever. This is not possible, because of the size, shape or position of the hole. In these more complicated situations, a surgeon will perform an operation where he puts a patch over the hole directly. If holes have between the two pump chambers of the heart that stay open, will need antibiotic treatment at certain times. This might be before having other operations or serious treatment at the dentist.  Most patients who have ASD/VSD corrections go on to lead perfectly normal lives. Person will be followed-up for a short period, but if everythings OK after a year, wont need to worry about it ever again. It also doesnt increase the chances of having any other heart-related issues in the future but should take regular exercise and aim for a healthy diet. After correction of the hole in the heart there are low risk for structural degeneration, thrombo-embolism and endocarditis and growth potential for paediatric patient. From 1970s onwards, a group of cardiologists started thinking differently. They experimented on animals by creating holes in their hearts and then tried closing them without surgery. Gradually they replicated the whole procedure on humans. For the last twenty years, nonsurgical closure or device closure has bee n the normal. Adult life heart muscle cells do not proliferate, if there is damage or injuries happened to the heart, functional tissue try to form the non-functional scar tissue. In 1996, 98 Klug et al. Suggest that development of human Embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes help for therapy of cardiac disease. There are some experiments done by using stem cells. Stem cells are the cell ability for self-renewal and the potential for differentiating into mature cell types. The embryonic stem cells can give rise to almost every mature cell type, while adult stem cells are classified as restricted to differentiation into only few types of mature cells. The mesenchymal stem cell can only differentiate to one specific mature cell type, are referred to as precursor cells. First clinical applications of stem cells for cardiac regeneration comprised cell transplantation trials. These trials were less successful than promising preclinical studies; these efforts initiated intense research activities providing new insight into the mechanisms of tissue growth and differentiation. Cardiac tissue engineering is focused on three different organ subunits: the myocardium, valves, and vessels. These three compounds of the heart can already be replaced by artificial or biological transplant constructs with th eir respective limitations, like assist devices, commercial heart valves, autologous coronary bypasses, etc. When developing the heart tissue must consider produced cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cell and the smooth muscles cell. Engineering these tissues must compete with the durability, efficiency and safety of existing substitutes and be affordable at the same time. Tissue engineering is the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ, includes an in vitro. During designing of bioreactor, physiochemical environment maintain is very impotent, that will help to kept high quality of the stem cells and high degree of reproducibility of the cells. But must make sure cell culture has developed under sterile environment and sufficient nutrition and waste product exchange throughout the medium and clean and maintain the medium. After that, design some mechanical and hydrodynamic force to compression or expansion of the developing tissue, like shear stress to the tissue. Then maintain steady flow of media in pulsatile manner and reduce the excessive turbulence in the fluid flow rate. Other than that, must provide the low volume capacity for effective use for growth factors and medium, also select the fabricate material compatible with the heart tissue or stem cell. The bioreactor designing for heart tissue development must determine some specific design and functional requirement. Both biomechanical and biochemical factors affect the growth of t he cell therefore essential to create some control mechanism by stimulate the physiological environment for heart cell growth, like pulsatile forces, pressure, flow rate, compression, expansion, shear stress, frequency, stroke rate and stroke volume. Other than that, when creating heart tissue must consider cardiac flow rate and pressure. When consider the design the bioreactor, there are nutrition, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste product, pH, temperature and humidity are main important biochemical controls affect the growth of the cell. There than the flow rate, volume, shear stress, pressure, resistance and compliance like biomechanical controls also involved in the cell growth. Therefore, specific bioreactors are need for the growth of the stem cell. Because inside the body, cells are always stimulated by mechanical, electrical and chemical signals, these influencing their behaviour. In fact, biological tissues adapt their structure and composition to surrounding specific and funct ional demands. By putting cells alone or only in contact with materials in culture medium is not enough to obtain a functional tissue. In vivo, the heart valves are subject to a unique combination of mechanical stimuli, including flexure, shear stress, and tension (Vesely and Boughner 1989). In growth of the embryonic stem cells require temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and shear force and biochemical conditions of their micro- and macro-environment. Then try to find homogeneous and constant conditions for micro- and macro-environment for the entire cells population. By uneven cell distribution, lack of nutrition and oxygen and insufficient extracellular matrix production cause some limitation to bioreactor scaffold in stem cell culture. Therefore, get rid of those must make to stem cell onto polymers, which will increase the mechanical strength of the heart tissue construction and develop subsequent tissue formation. To develop a bioreactor to provide cyclic flexural stimulation, to demonstrate the operation of the bioreactor and sterility maintenance and to evaluate the effects of unidirectional flexure on the effective stiffness of bioresorbable polymeric scaffolds which have been used extensively in the tissue engineering of the heart tissue. Therefore, must design the devices for closed controlled environment in which biological and/or biochemical processes are developed maintained pH, temperature, pressure, nutrient supply and waste removal, with high degree of reproducibility of the heart valve. Therefore, bioreactors are particularly crucial for the regeneration of complex 3D tissues. The bioreactor was designed using 3D software. The structural element of the device was machined from polysulfone; chosen for its excellent thermal and chemical stability; and abrasion-resistant acrylic; which provides good optical transparency. Culture medium was Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Antibiotics were excluded to assess the intrinsic ability of the bioreactor to maintain sterility. When developing scaffold use the degradable material and permanent materials as in artificial implants and in use of cells. Then preparing scaffold must test in vitro and in vivo how they hypotheses of scaffold and cell interaction, scaffold effect on tissue growth and 3D environment effect on stem cell differentiation. Scaffold materials consisted of a non-woven mesh of polyglycolic acid(PGA) fibers dip-coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), and a non- woven, 50:50 blend, mesh of PGA and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers dip-coated with P4HB. The PGA and PGA/PLLa scaffold had an approximate fiber diameter of 0.012-0.015 mm and density of 69mg/ml. Rectangular scaffold sample were cut to size (approximately 257.5x2mm) and dipped briefly into a solution of P4HB in tetrahydrofuran (1% wt/vol), resulting in a P4HB coatin g following solvent evaporation. P4HB is a bioresorbable thermoplastic that allows for scaffold to be moulded into any shape. Scaffold were cold gas sterilized with ethylene oxide prior to use. The use of bioreactors, chambers which provide the flow of nutrient media for the development and culture of heart valves construct, to provide an environment which as closely as possible mimics the natural in vivo conditions. These bioreactors have been designed for pulsatile flow, driven by a pulsatile pump, which leads to the exertion of only a positive pressure. This is not the case in vivo, as during the cardiac cycle the positive pressure exerted by fluid force is slightly counterbalanced by a little vacuum. Stem cells grow in vitro under bioreactor conditions must provide the nutrient and they produced the nitrogen contain waste product, but they sensitive to the nitrogenated waste product. This will be varying with the tissue and that will change the shear stresses effecting on the tissue. The oxygen pressure is maintained at set constant value with calculated volume of solution added every time to the medium. Other way round maintained the carbon dioxide pressure at set cons tant value with calculated volume of waste product removed from the medium. Oxygen is most important nutrients for cells in all aerobic metabolic cycles. It is the limiting nutrient in successful tissue growth in vitro, sufficient amounts of oxygen to the surface of the cells mainly because of the poor solubility of oxygen in culture media. In that case hypo-oxygen or hyper-oxygen stresses will be concern the stem cell culture causes of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Therefore, adjust the stem cell for the anaerobic cell metabolism with low oxygen tension (40 mmHg) and low pH or for aerobic cell metabolism with higher oxygen tension (80mmHg) and high pH. Then living tissue is sensitive to pH changes in the medium, during maintain of the oxygen level must maintain the pH also. Other than that glucose and lactate are providing to cell metabolic process. Therefore, they act as the indicator for cells activity. In the bioreactor environment stem cell proliferates and increased the mass that leads the limitation of the final size of the tissue grow. Other than that, there are spaces to pass oxygen and nutrient throughout the scaffold otherwise this also leads to limitation of the tissue growth. Therefore, bioreactor must design to proper diffusion of oxygen and the nutrient and mass proliferation; cell will survive and proliferate within 150-200 µm distance. Shear stress will affect the tissue culture growth, most of the stem cell responds to it. They are proliferating according the orientation of the flow direction. In that case stem cell can aggregates by using higher shear stress that can be used for tissue function and viability. If design the rotating bioreactor that can decrease the shear stress and avoids the contact between the cells and the wall of the bioreactor, chamber must permanently rotate with one direction and control to forming uniformed growth of the tissue. But if design the non-rotating bioreactor then must create the specific mechanical stress applied on the cell culture, by perfusion solution can passed through the cell tissues by flow through the culture chamber. Some experiments were demonstrated that the shears stress 0.1 dyn/cm2 was ideal for stem cell to growth. If that exceeds the shears stress 1 dyn/cm2 were damaged the cells and the shears 0.01 dyn/cm2 were insufficient to promote the growth.   Bioreactors have developed functional heart tissue in vitro environment over specific biochemical and physical signals known to regulate cell differentiation, by improving the formation of the heart tissue by proving uniformed mixing pattern, transported the nutrient to enhance the cell growth and hydrodynamic or mechanical stimulation for stem cell to develop. Simple static flasks or a magnetically stirred flask is not suitable environment for 3-dimensional heart tissue scaffolds to develop. To develop the lowest possible homogeneous cell number for heart tissue, must grow the cell with uniform and efficient of porous scaffolds. When compare the cells seeding into mixed petri dishes yield with the static loading of the cell into the scaffolds has thicker constructs and more spatially uniformed distribution of cells. By seeding in rotating vessels or mixed flask must maintain a uniformed suspension of isolated cells and provide a relative velocity between cells and the scaffold durin g seeding. Dynamic seeding using mixed flasks will show to achieve seeding efficiencies approaching 100% but led to cell densities higher at the scaffold periphery. Therefore, when design bioreactor; must provide the scaffold perfusion with a cell suspension in alternate directions, which lead to the more homogenous seeding on a variety of scaffold with potential yield. Once the cells are associated with the scaffold, cell-polymer constructs can be cultured in bioreactors applying specific regimes of fluid flow. Selecting rotation wall vessels bioreactor The bioreactors are used for proliferation of cells on a small or large scale, to generate 3D tissue constructs, a certain process must occur. That case the cells are proliferated in a bioreactor to provide the quantity of cells needed. The cell loses their specialized characteristics during the process of proliferation is the problem. Therefore, microcarrier culture used for improves cell expansion significantly and that mixed the bioreactor system well. After the cell proliferation they must associate with enhanced heart tissue formation. In above process cells must receive proper nutrition and a stable environment. There for controlled the temperature, optimum pH, sufficient substrate, water, salts, vitamins, and oxygen. The Rotating-wall vessel culture is the best bioreactor for culturing constructs stained intensely, and homogeneously for scaffold for their cross-sectional area. Inside the bioreactor a dynamic flow generated by a rotating fluid environment is an alternative and efficient way to reduce diffusion limitations of nutrients and wastes. The rotation produced the low level of the shear stress to the cells, creating mechanical stimulation. Other than that, there are other mechanical forces that affect the cells during growth, like mechanical compression, hydrodynamic pressure, and fluid flow. They will affect the magnitude, frequency, and duty of the bioreactor cycle.   To control the free-falling state adjusted the rotation speed, it protects the fragile tissue by decreasing the shear stress and avoiding the contact between cells and the walls of the bioreactor. During 1990s NASA scientist did some research about the microgravity involved in to the cell tissue of the mammals. They used the closed tubular cylinder forms the systems cell culture chamber, which filled with a liquid medium where the cell grows on micron-size beads. The chamber has rotated along the horizontal axis; in that case they allowed the cell to develop in an environment like the free fall of microgravity. They supply oxygen and nutrition through a porous wall in the chamber, as same way they removed the waste product and the carbon dioxide. The rotating wall vessel bioreactor is providing the conditions of weightlessness for microbes by growing them inside of a slowly rotating liquid-filled chamber. The process of the rotation liquid has counteracted with slow sedimentation of the cell by creating a constant free fall of the cells through the culture medium. While rotation cell gets a slight sheer stress from liquid, lead to avoid the flattened on the bottom of the container. The scientist used the clear shell for allowed to check growth and cylindrical filter holds on the centre for supply the oxygen and nutrition and removed the carbon dioxide and waste products. And, they insure the fluid rotation without shear stress would leads to destroy the cells. They noticed rotation vessels did not cancelled the gravity, but that maintain the cells in continual free fall environment inside the shell.   Bioreactors for the application of physical forces to engineered cartilage tissues. In the rotating wall vessel system (A), the rotational speed is adjusted so that the drag force of the medium (Fd) is balanced by the centrifugal (Fc) and gravitational (Fg) forces. The constructs are thus maintained in a tumble-slide regime and the resulting dynamic laminar flow enhances the production and accumulation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix. Specific culture chambers (B) have been developed for the application of direct deformation to engineered constructs. Chambers include wells to allocate tissue constructs (I), a magnetic bar for medium stirring (II), an inlet/outlet port for medium change (III), a cover lid to maintain sterility (IV), and micrometer screws to accurately establish the contact position between the plungers and each specimen (V). The cell seeding is effects of shaking speed and initial cell concentration in suspension on cell culture medium, therefore cell seeding must do in efficiency. In that case initial seeding density and cell distribution within the scaffolds must understand. Initially cell concentration is low, in that time seeding efficiency and initial density will decreased with increasing shaking speed. But high initial cell concentration that will reverse the result. All the different cell concentration uniformity of the cell distribution decreased with increased shaking speed. But under the same shaking intensity were observed with on significant differences in uniformity between cells with different initial concentration. In vitro the tissue engineering of heart tissue structures is to develop combined cell seeding and perfusion system. Cell seeding is consisting of whole system, that incorporated into the perfusion system and air-driven respirator pump connected to the bioreactor. Therefore, ce ll culture medium is closed-loop system that will continuously circulate. Therefore, scientist developed a cell seeding device for static and dynamic seeding of vascular cells onto a polymeric vascular scaffold and a closed-loop perfuse bioreactor for long term vascular conditioning. By using cell seeding chamber can be easily connected to the bioreactor, which have combines continuous pulsatile perfusion and mechanical stimulation to the tissue -engineered conduct. In that scientist adjust the stroke volume, the stroke rate, and inspiration/ expiration time of the ventilator allow various pulstile flows and different levels of pressure. Discussion When selecting of the scaffold consider the biocompatibility, reproducibility, biodegradability, ability to be processed to complex shapes, ability to support cell growth and proliferation and mechanical properties of materials. Other than that, scaffolds must have similar electrical and functional activity with create systolic force. The limited availability of the incubator space; the place where the multiple bioreactors place, in this space multiple bioreactors must be places. Development of the stem cell is temperature depended process, any cells grow at body temperature in optimal level therefore temperature must maintain in that level as possible. The bioreactor design must set the temperature parameter to monitor the temperature. If inside temperature changes by increased or decreased then that must alarm on, then it can adjust manually. Sterility is very important throughout the development of the heart tissue. We used flask and glass vessels with threaded fitting, which is cheap and proved to maintain perfect sterility. To reduce the risk of contamination, make sure all connections before sterilisation and sterilize bottles with correction solutions connected to the vessel, by using either alcohol or stem. The tubing can be placed into the pump head easily after the sterilization. Because contamination of the medium lead to the growth of the heart tissue. Therefore, bioreactor must develop as a semi-closed system. Maintain the small cell culture medium all the time, easy replace the balance amount of the cell culture medium for requirement created by cell seeded as soon as possible. If require in addition to that easy seeding of the additional cells. Maintain the oxygen level in the medium is very essential; therefore, reassure the amount of the oxygen in the medium is enough for the development of the stem cells. When we maintain the pH level in the medium that passively adjust oxygen level in the medium, by enrich the medium with CO2 level up to 5%. The biocompatible substances must use when the designing process of the bioreactor, those substance will not kill the stem cell during the tissue growth. There are many analytic parameters, those must monitor regularly with some sensory methods to alarm if there are any changes occur in the media and correct it manually. Any design bioreactor can have ability to experiment several times with longer period. If there are any alternations, like chan ge the cell culture medium with ingredients needed or changer scaffold materials change those and can perform the process easily. By using roller pump can sucks the cell culture medium from the bioreactor, which leads to stress of the scaffold. This help to stem cell growth towards the heart tissue. This bioreactor must use inside the hospital, for treat each of the hole in the heart patient therefore this must produce low cost heart tissue for the patient. Other than that, there should be very low laboratory involvement and convince for patient and the surgeon. When using this kind of tissue engineering think some social highlight that affect the both quality and quantity of the life. Some religious background this technology is some bad for the life, ethical concern there are some extent to do those kinds of experiment. But medical point of view this is the good solution for treatment of the patient without suffering. In that case be careful of handling with stem cell and other, that will lead to caused critical threat to handler. Conclusions The developed bioreactor has set sterility at least week, with working tool for conducting experiments regarding heart tissue growth. The growth of the heart tissue helps to develop entire heart, which can helpful to many heart diseases. Nutrition concentration must keep in mind when performing the bioreactor process. When the time of the replacing the medium nutrition concentration must maintain, also try to minimize the number of time replacement the medium. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Professor Alicia El Haj, Dr. Nicholas R. Forsyth and Dr. Ying Yang for their support and guidance in completing this study. I would like to special thank Dr. Sun Tao for his support and guidance in completing this study.

The sain case :: essays research papers

SAIN V. CEDAR RAPIDS COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT: PROVIDING SPECIAL PROTECTION FOR STUDENT-ATHLETES? The scholarly article I chose was of great interest to me for several reasons. The case is an educational malpractice case in which a student-athlete said he was provided false information by his high school consolor and lost his basketball scholarship as a result. I was a student athlete in high school and sports are still a big part of my life. On top of that I am considering teaching and coaching after I graduate, making this a very relevant topic to me. In the next several paragraphs I am going to summarize the article and cases that it mentions, then I will try and decide what the authors intent was with writing this piece. It has been said for years that any case of educational malpractice was doomed from the start. Because of this, it was a huge surprise when the Iowa Supreme Court denied the defendant, Cedar Rapids Community School District’s motion for summary judgement. This was a case where a student sued for negligent misrepresentation by a school guidance counselor. One reason why the court may have denied the motion was because it was trying to protect a category of people who were considered especially vulnerable, the student-athlete. Bruce Sain who was the plaintiff in the case attended Jefferson High School, which was in the defendants school district. He played basketball for the school and was very good at it, so good that he planned on getting a scholarship to finance his college education. In order to be eligible to play sports in college you must meet certain course requirements be the NCAA, which Sain was working on doing. In his senior year he still needed three English credits to satisfy the NCAA requirements and since he went to a school that brock their year down into trimesters, he thought this would be no problem. He completed his first English course and enrolled into his second, but for some reason or another he disliked the class, so he went to his school counselor to see what he could do. The counselor told him to enroll into a class called technical Communications, which the counselor assured him would be approved by the NCAA clearinghouse. But the school did not include that particular course on the list of classes that was sent to the clearinghouse. The next and final trimester Sain completed his third English credit and accepted a five year scholarship to Northern Illinois University.

Superfund Recordkeeping

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, (SARA), provides for the identification, investigation and cleanup of Superfund, hazardous waste sites. Under these Acts, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to recover its response costs from responsible parties after participating in the investigation, cleanup, oversight, enforcement and other required administrative provisions. State agencies which spend CERCLA funds must account for and document all response costs to permit recovery of these costs from responsible parties by EPA and the State. Funds may also be provided to the State by EPA under a grant system to undertake Superfund related response activities. State agencies which spend CERCLA grant funds must account for and document all State costs. This manual outlines procedures involved with the expenditure of funds by the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) for CERCLA activities. It sets forth financial management and recordkeeping requirements for Superfund sites and for CERCLA related activities covered by EPA grants. Many of the principles and procedures covered by this manual serve as guidance for non-CERCLA sites, as well, which have the potential for future cost recovery actions. This manual will continue to be updated as new procedures are developed. Documentation procedures involve complex financial management and recordkeeping policies that must be followed to assure cost recovery. These policies are based on regulations and guidance, in part, set forth in: – Code of Federal Regulations, (CFR), Title 40, Part 31, Part 33 and Part 35, Subpart â€Å"O†. – â€Å"State Superfund Financial Management and Recordkeeping Guidance†, 1987, EPA. – OMB Circular No. A-87, † Cost Principles for State and Local Governments†. – Code of Maryland Regulations, (COMAR), Title 21. Key features of the Superfund financial management and recordkeeping policies which are set forth in detail herein in Section D, include: – Documentation of all expenses involved with response or grant-specified activities. – Recovery of â€Å"reasonable and necessary† costs only. – Identification of financial documents, and all other cost related records or agreements which may serve as the basis for determining or authorizing response costs, with the phrase – â€Å"SUPERFUND – DO NOT DESTROY†. – Maintaining timesheets and other financial document originals without alteration after approvals. – Maintenance of a unique file or set of files, either containing hard copies, or electronic images shall be maintained for each Superfund site which shall be identified by a project cost account (PCA) code to permit timely access to site records. Record categories within these files shall be organized in a consistent manner. – Maintenance of additional files, containing backup documentation which provide background and serve as a basis or authorization for costs, should also be maintained. These general files may contain information that is not necessarily site-specific. – Retain original documents for each site, OU or activity. – Electronic records may be acceptable for cost recovery if approved by EPA or Attorney General's office. – Submitting cost documentation, in response to requests from attorneys or EPA only after, expense related records are reconciled with the cost summary. – Retention of records stamped with the phrase – â€Å"SUPERFUND – DO NOT DESTROY† for at least 10 years following submission of the final Financial Status Report, (FSR), unless otherwise directed by EPA. Records are to be retained longer than 10 years if litigation, claim, cost recovery or other associated action takes place before the end of the 10-year period. – EPA must approve destruction of documents that were required to be saved. Establish Superfund and EPA grant financial management and recordkeeping procedures which: – enable the State to meet legal responsibilities and EPA audit requirements; – document expense related records in a legally acceptable manner; – facilitate accountability and cost recovery; and – provide timely access to site, operable unit and activity related expense information. 1. ERRP – (Environmental, Restoration and Redevelopment Program) ERRP conducts and oversees CERCLA response activities within the Waste Management Administration, (WAS). Its areas of responsibilities cover: – Pre-remedial, remedial, removal and operation & maintenance phases. – Response activities which include, but are not limited to, investigations, review and comment on reports, oversight and implementation of response actions, and enforcement actions, and CERCLA activities may be funded under EPA grants/ Cooperative Agreements (CAs). The terms of these grants are negotiated between EPA and the State. The State also uses its own funds in engaging in response activities. Trained staff conduct technical activities associated with investigation, assessment and cleanup, including related activities such as training, travel, and Program development and the like. These employees shall submit timesheets for further processing and record keeping. Time devoted to various response activities is distributed to a number of unique PCA codes within the timesheets, thereby permitting assignment of costs to appropriate sites, OUs and activities. In addition, the technical staff may initiate requisitions such as purchase and travel requests and other financial documents associated with response activities. PCA codes are also used to assign costs for these and other activities as well. Clerical and administrative staff may assist the technical staff in fiscal, timekeeping, purchase requisitions, travel vouchers and record keeping matters. This staff also serves as liaison with other divisions in processing time accountability documents and other requisitions. The Program Administrator of ERRP manages ERRP Program and technical activities and approves all ERRP requisitions. Originators of requisitions must justify the necessity of items requested before approval and must satisfy terms of the grants. Approval, or sign off, by the Program Administrator may be via electronic signature where the Advanced Purchasing Inventory Control System (ADPICS), or a similar system, is used with the Financial Management Information System (FMIS) to process the requisition. FMIS is the computerized statewide accounting system which tracks costs by site, OU and activity, and by grant level.

Evolutional explanations Essays

Evolutional explanations Essays Evolutional explanations Essay Evolutional explanations Essay The evolutionary explanation, or instinct theory, states that aggression is an adaptive response. This response enables us to obtain resources, defend against attack, eliminate competition for mates and force sexual fidelity from mates. In 1966 Lorenz stated that there were four main drivers behind animal aggression; fear, reproduction, hunger and anger. He also stated that aggression could occur only within a species not across two different species. Lorenz discussed that aggression between two animals is often ritualised. Ritualised aggression itself is aggressive, but little harm actually comes to either animal.This theory is backed up by Morris in 1990, he found that animal disputes show a lot of restraint, this restraint is called an appeasement tactic e.g. dogs show their belly when they feel threatened to stop the opponent from taking the fight any further. The evolutionary approach to aggression states that there are four aims of aggression; to win or control territory, increasing solidarity between males and females, becoming and maintain a dominant role and natural selection through survival of the fittest. There are three main problems with the instinct theory. Firstly, it fails to take into account variations in aggression across individuals and cultures. Secondly, Lorenz compares man to animals and we are not like animals as we have culture to an extent animals do not. The final evaluation point of the instinct theory is that it can be argued that aggression can be learnt socially through social learning theory, not through genes.Infidelity and jealousy is another evolutionary explanation of aggression. Infidelity is having a sexual relationship with someone other than your partner. Jealousy is a state of fear caused by either a real or imagined threat to a person’s status an exclusive sexual partner. Cuckoldry is often the cause of sexual jealousy. Cuckoldry occurs when a woman deceives her male partner into investing into offspring conceived with another man.A main researcher in this area is Young. In 1978 Young asked students to describe how they would react to a jealousy inducing scenario. Men in general said they would become drunk, respond angrily and threaten their rival male. Women on the other hand pretend not to care, cry and try to increase their own attractiveness to get male attention. One major problem with Young’s study is that the participants may have answered differently on the questionnaire to how they would react normally due to social desirability.Another explanation of aggression as an adaptive response is murder. Buss and Duntley (2006) said that humans have evolved adaptations through natural selection to produce what we now call murder. They discussed how if murder is used is determined by four factors; the degree of relatedness between killer and victim, the relative status of killer and victim, the sex of killer and victim and the size and strength of the killer’s and victim’s alliances.In order to evolve as a strategy it must have been associated with greater reproductive success than conflicting strategies. Wilson and Daly in 1985 said that sexual jealousy, lack of resources and threats to male status are all reasons for murder to occur. Wilson and Daly support both their prior study and the study by Buss and Duntley by over viewing the Detroit murders of 1972. They found that the motive behind most of the killings, both killers and victims were unemployed, unmarried and young, low status without a mate. The problem with Buss, Duntley, Wilson and Daly’s research is that is says the act of murder is determined by our evolutionary past and freewill does not come into play, murder could not be committed due to a grudge or hatred is the act is determined.The final explanation of aggression as an adaptive response is group display. There are three levels of group aggression: a crowd, a mob and a riot. A crowd is a lot of people who have gathered into one group very closely, mobs are disorderly crowds and a riot is crowd or gathering which is protesting in a violent manor. Examples of group display fall into three categories; lynch mobs, sport aggression and religious displays. One theory which underpins the idea that group displays are an adaptive response to aggression is the power threat hypothesis. Blalock, in 1967 said that as a minority group grows, the majority group intensifies their efforts to remain dominant.Group displays of solidarity are discrimination against outsiders are more likely when the group feels at risk. Another way groups show aggression is by dehumanising the victim and reducing them into something non human. This makes it easier to carry out aggressive acts e.g. lynching. These aggressive deeds are sometimes made easier for an individual if they de-individuated. When someone is part of a crowd the loose their sense of individuality and therefore will do things they would not normally do. Convergence theory is another theory into group aggression; the group is made up of individuals who all have similar thought processes. Each individual is not influenced by the rest of the group, but all the members behave the same, due to their similar thoughts. Similarly, Contagion theory can also explain group aggression; people are influenced by the way a group acts.The individuals do not need to think similarly, they conform to the behaviour of one bad egg.’ Smelser (1963) argued that social life and its processes affect how individuals behave. This is weakness of the evolutionary theory; aggression is not only affected by our genes it is also affected by our social learning and environment. Smelser also argued that six things are necessary for a social movement to emerge. Structural conduct and if people realise their society has a problem, if society fails to meet expectation and deprives the people, growth and spread of an explanation, if one event triggers a reaction from a crowd, mobilisation for action where people distribute information about a cause and finally a lack of social control leads to a protesting crowd.In conclusion, the instinct theory can explain aggression; the only problem is it doesn’t take into account factors such as culture and it completely ignore the fact that we could learn to be aggressive through social learning. So overall a mixture of different explanations is needed to explain aggression.

Bootstrap Time

Bootstrap Time This essay is not about the whipping kind of bootstrap, but the kind you pull yourself up I received an anonymous request on my website, but I replied, wanting so badly to help this person get centered in his fight to be a writeror his enlightenment that maybe he isnt cut out to be a writer. Yes, there are some of those out there, and believe it or not, they never recognize themselves. I will not quote the person because the grammar was poor, but it went something like this: I have written a book. A well-known publisher wants to publish it. The publisher said it needed lots of work. They will not publish it on their own because of the work it needs. If I still want it published, theyll do so for $2,000. I want this book to reach people. Can you help me get money to make it happen? This is how many books on Amazon, Barnes Noble, Kobo, and more become published. This poor individual thought that paying the money would get someone to look at the book, fix it, and put it out there. I wrote him back and told him to forget about publishing and start learning how to write. If a vanity press tells him that the book needs work, dangthe book needs work. Time to suck it up and face the fact that his writing needs serious attention over a serious period of time until the book is as good as it can be. In other words Anyone can publish a book. Only good books sell. Only well promoted good books sell well. And you control it all. Nothing will make you feel more accomplished than to sweat blood and learn: 1) how to write 2) how to edit 3) how to publish (all methods) 4) how to sell There are too many tools and resources out there not to educate yourself. Yes, it takes time. All good things in life take time and dedication. My wish for you is to feel the fire to make your writing work well.

Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law - Research Paper Example Gradually, all relevant operations led to a scenario where human beings started to excessively interfere with Mother Nature, so as to create imbalance in the environment, not to mention the another obvious grave outcome – increase in pollution. These exploration and exploitation activities, coupled with all other developments related to rapid urbanization, have led to the advent of serious issues such as the Greenhouse Effect and global warming. As a matter of fact, all these started to jeopardize the well-being of the denizens of this planet. It was at this juncture that various governments across the globe fully realized the gravity of the situation and promptly started to initiate various measures aimed at minimizing pollution and restoration of balance in the nature. Consequently, there is now a comparative improvement in the relevant state of affairs, as all the commercial operations involving exploitation of natural resources are strictly bound by diverse laws and legislations. But for the purpose of this particular research paper, the focus would be on the environmental issues that are an inevitable consequence of the International Petroleum Agreements (IPAs). It (Research Paper) would elaborate on the alarming manner in which IPAs have contributed to the environmental pollution. Subsequently, this paper would examine the manner in which various committed governments have effectively tackled the situation by making it mandatory for all the IPAs, coming under their purview, to abide by the related environmental laws. Before dwelling upon the various pertinent aspects of IPAs, as well as on the related legal and environmental issues, it would be immensely helping to briefly focus on having a basic understanding of International Petroleum Agreements. International Petroleum Agreements, which encompass the aspects of exploration and exploitation operations related to obtaining of oil or natural gas in a specific region, involve entities that are

Everythings a arguement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Everythings a arguement - Essay Example Let me put some logic into your puny gullible minds. First, what is ugly? To make the definition easier for your brains, ugly means â€Å"not pleasant to look at1†. If these stepmothers are actually as ugly as their creators (Hans Christian Andersen and Brothers Grimm are definitely no GQ models2), rich men would never decide to marry them. Rich? Yes. The stepmothers are supposedly after your heroines inheritance, right? Attractive? They must be, or they would never be called â€Å"beauties† worth of royal attention. All these facts just push my point further3. Get real! Do you really believe that Prince Charles during his younger years would marry somebody like Susan Boyle4 --- a poor, hideous nobody? Yea, Prince Charles is not an eye-candy5, but instead of this he is f---ing rich. Second, what is evil? It is quite elementary, Watson6! Evil is the opposite of good. Then so, what is good? Heroes and heroines are good. Yea, I agree to a certain extent (Robin Hood, or anyone else?7). So, thank you for helping me arrive at my point that if heroines are good, they must be known for doing good deeds to people. What exactly did Snow White, Cinderella, and the rest of these women did to be called heroines? All of them are melanin-deprived. Let us take Snow White as an example. She lacks courage. Escaping the huntsman is out of the mans kindness and not out of Snow Whites fighting skills. She even broke into the house of the seven little men who were all taken by her beauty. Sure, she offered her domestic services in exchange for a place to stay. And what about her almost getting killed by poison because of her moronic trust on an ugly stranger who gave her a fruit? This has nothing in common with heroism. Well, she survived several attempts at her life. She had to survive from pure luck and from the perversion of the handsome lord who happened to pass by and used a chance to dmonstrate his necrophilia8. What about Cinderella? Her dissatisfaction

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Project Management - Essay Example It cannot it should not be understood the project manager is somehow the be all and end-all of mitigating all problems; however, with regards to the firm or entity in question, they do not have purview over the means by which government bureaucracy or other aspects of the international or regional economy function. Ultimately, they are only capable of directing within their own scope and utilizing their own people as a means of effecting noticeable positive change with respect to the overruns which are to be discussed. It is hypothesized by this researcher that adequate project management within the United Arab Emirates with regards to construction projects has a noticeable effect on the means by which time and cost overruns are realized. Of course the difficulty with regards to this particular research is level and extent to which corresponding research questions can effectively be engaged and answered as a means of drawing inference upon the preceding analysis. As a function of thi s, the following research questions will be asked: What percentage of project managers have prior experience in excess of five years What percentage of project managers exhibit specialized project management training beyond mere higher education What percentage of firms operating within the United Arab Emirates utilize the mastic project managers in order to affect time than monetary constraints To what level to project managers in a given firm integrate with one another within the course of their duties? To shareholders within these companies think favorably or not favorably with regards to project management Naturally, this information will not readily available and must require a questionnaire and/or survey in which affect. Moreover, the research objective be to determine the level to which project management integrates with and positively and/or negatively affects the rate at which cost and time overruns are experienced within construction projects within the United Arab Emirate s. Is the hope of this author that through such an analysis, United Arab Emirates construction industry may experience an increase level of efficiency due to being able to understand the best means of utilization that project management can provide. Similarly, with regards the overall feasibility of the study, it must be understood that this it is only constrained by the level and extent to which the researcher is able to go in order to gain the necessary feedback and input from the stakeholders within the process. If the study is performed to a sufficiently small number of firms and/or stakeholders, the level to which inference can be drawn will necessarily be reduced due to the fact that the results will not be able to shed light upon a broad range of issues and will otherwise really focus upon the means by which if you entities without for sponsoring to the survey/questionnaire. Conversely expanding the survey/questionnaire to include a very large number of respondents will mean that the researcher will spend the majority of time gathering tabulating information without having enough time to sufficiently extrapolate based upon the inputs that are thus far been received. Accordingly, it is the

Learning Team IRAC Brief Essay Example for Free

Learning Team IRAC Brief Essay Learning Team B was tasked to study the IRAC method of case study analysis, and select one legal case from a current event that has taken place within the past two years relevant to this week’s objectives. After selecting a current case, Learning Team B prepared a case brief using the IRAC method. Learning Team B selected the United States v. Jones case, which was decided January 23, 2012. Learning Team B was also tasked to provide an explanation of how the legal concepts in the United States v. Jones case could be applied within a business managerial setting. The government issued a warrant to place a Global Positioning System on the personal vehicle of Jones to track any unlawful behavior. For 28 days, the government monitored the vehicle and â€Å"it subsequently secured an indictment of Jones and others on drug trafficking conspiracy charges† (United states v., 2012). The issue is that a violation of the Fourth Amendment may be in question. The question in this case is whether or not the vehicle that was fitted with the GPS is considered real or personal property. Also how is the vehicle subject to government surveillance only on public property? Could the vehicle be subject to the real or personal property laws protected under the Fourth Amendment? The question remains if the vehicle can be searched using the GPS only part of the time. The court’s ruling still does not clearly define what the fourth amendment covers as real or personal property. The definition of the Fourth Amendment is not completely clear on exactly what the real or personal property is defined as or if it is reasonable expectation of privacy as defined by society or a court of law. The law â€Å"protects reasonable expectations of privacy, but the Supreme Court has refused to provide a consistent explanation for what makes an expectation of privacy ‘reasonable’† (Kerr, 2007, p. 503). The Fourth Amendment can be applied to a business managerial setting by protecting workers rights to privacy somewhat. Any use of work property, including e-mail and Internet is subject to inspection by the company. There is a reasonable expectation of privacy in the workplace if an employee has an office. If the employee is in the  front of the work environment conversations or anything in plain view can be subject to police search. According to â€Å"Surveillance Self-Defense (2013), â€Å"A big question in determining whether your expectation of privacy is ‘reasonable’ and protected by the Fourth Amendment arises when you have ‘knowingly exposed’ something to another person or to the public at large† (Reasonable Expectation of Privacy). If a person is exposes intended personal information or property to a third party that reasonable expectation of privacy is no longer valid. The â€Å"Fourth Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights,† and the â€Å"Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments of the United States Constitution.† The â€Å"Fourth Amendment protects the rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures† (Gatewood, 2013, p. 1). The government can use â€Å"GPS to track an individual movement† if they believe a crime have been committed. If law enforcement wants to obtain a warrant for â€Å"a GPS device to be installed† on an individual car, he or she must be able to convince a judge that a crime has been committed. They must also provide the judge with information about the place that will â€Å"be searched, and the† individual â€Å"or thing to be seized† (Hughes Burton, 2013, p. 1). In this court case, â€Å"the agents obtained a warrant, but they did not comply with two of the warrants restrictions. First, they did not install the GPS device within the 10-day period that was required by the provision of the warrant.† Second, the â€Å"GPS device supposed to be installed in the vehicle in the District of Columbia, as required by the condition of the warrant.† The â€Å"government installs the GPS device on the vehicle in a public parking space in Maryland† (McKenzie, 2002, p. 1). According to McKenzie (2002), â€Å"the vehicle is an effect as the term is used in the Amendment, and this is a violation of the Fourth Amendment.† An organization that use any form of GPS device on an individual vehicle would be violating the Fourth Amendment.† The â€Å"Fourth Amendment† was implemented to safeguard the rights of citizens, and to make sure that his or her â€Å"privacy is not violated† in any way (McKenzie, 2002, p. 1). A public management can â€Å"conduct a mixed-motive search of an employer’s workplace, seeking to discover evidence of worker misconduct, as well as evidence the worker has committed a crime.† For example, a â€Å"search of a computer of a worker who has been downloading child pornography implicates both personnel misconduct and criminal concern.† â€Å"Courts assessing whether to apply the O’Connor reasonableness standard or the more traditional Fourth Amendment probable cause and warrant requirements of these mix-motive searches have applied O’Connor, reasonableness standard.† Certainly, â€Å"as explained by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, O’Connor’s† objective of â€Å"ensuring that an efficient workplace should not be frustrated simply because the similar misconduct that violates a government management’s rule, and it is also illegal† (Koster, 2007, p. 1). A community employer can conduct searches related to the workplace â€Å"such as to find a missing file or to investigate workplace misconduct,† in compliance with the â€Å"Fourth Amendment without probable cause or a warrant.† A job-related search is â€Å"constitutionally† allowable â€Å"as long as they are reasonable expectation of privacy.† Furthermore, â€Å"even if the search does infringe on a worker’s reasonable expectation of privacy, the search will deemed reasonable in accordance with the Fourth Amendment it is justified as its inception and permissible in scope† (Koster, 2007, p. 1). In George Orwell’s 1984, the citizens of the dystopian, totalitarian country of Oceania are subjected to a grim reality of constant government surveillance. In difference, technology is necessary to fulfill Orwell’s nightmare is far closer to fact than fiction. For example, the smart phone while using its GPS function is an indispensable component for numerous road trips; this global device has many of the same capabilities as 1984 feared telescreen. In the United States v. Jones, the Supreme Court of the United States concluded that police violated the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution when they attached the GPS-enabled tracking device to the defendant’s vehicle and used it to monitor the car’s movements for 28 days (Maryland Law Review, pg. 998). Jones highlights two uniquely prescient  concerns: The impact of modern information-sharing technology on individual privacy, and what limits ought to be placed on Law enforcement from using such technology unrestricted by physical boundaries (Maryland Law Review, pg. 999). The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the judgment of the lower court and held that without a warrant, the installation of the GPS tracking device constituted an unlawful search under the Fourth Amendment (United states v., 2012). The government had argued a person did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets but the U.S. Supreme court rejected this argument. The U.S. Supreme court ruled a person does have a reasonable expectation of privacy on public streets regardless of how the GPS tracking device is placed on the person’s vehicle. The U.S. Supreme Court also ruled that today’s surveillance technology is very advanced but still creates a physical intrusion into a person’s reasonable expectation of privacy protected under the Fourth Amendment (United states v., 2012). This ruling is very important in today’s business world as technology rapidly advances. The current generation of workers is very comfortable with advanced technology but still have the basic expectations of privacy that workers had 20 years ago. Companies can track email conversations, locate company smart phones using GPS technology, locate, and monitor routes of company vehicles, and even video tape activity at their locations. It is important that an organization brief and ensure each employee acknowledges the reasonable expectation of privacy policies. If a company issues a smart phone to an employee and employ GPS tracking on the phone, the employee must be informed his or her smart phone will be monitored. If a company installs GPS tracking devices on their vehicles the driver of that vehicle must be informed his or her route and movement is subject to company monitoring at all times. If a company video monitors its employees, employees must sign an acknowledgment under standing their movement with the organization is monitored and recorded during the business day. Advanced technology is a tool to reduce fraud in the workplace but cannot violate an employee’s right to privacy under the Fourth Amendment. References Gatewood, J. (2013). It’s raining Katz and Jones: The implications of United States v. Jones- A case of sound and fury. Pace Law Review, 33(2), 683-715. Retrieved from http://Web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com George Orwell Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1988, The Evolving Fourth Amendment United States vs. Jones, The information cloud, and the right to exclude, Ber An Pan, 1993 Hughes, T. Burton, C. (2013). Police GPS surveillance on vehicles and the warrant Requirement: â€Å"For a while I’ve been watching you steady†. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 535-550.doi:10.1007/s12103-012-9185-z. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Kerr, O.S. (2007, November). Four Models of Fourth Amendment Protection. Stanford Law Review, 60(2), 503-551. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/224069628?accountid=35812 McKenzie, D. (2002). What were they smoking?: The Supreme Court’s latest step in a long Strange trip throu gh the Fourth Amendment. Journal of Criminal Law Criminology, 93(1), 153. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com Koster, P. R. (2007). Workplace searches by public employers and the Fourth Amendment. Urban Lawyer, 39(1). 75-84. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.comezproxy. Apollolibrary.com Surveillance Self-Defense. (2013). Retrieved from https://ssd.eff.org/your-computer/govt/privacy U.S. Supreme Court, (2012). United states v. jones (No. 10–1259). Retrieved from website: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1259.pdf